English 101 Grit Essay

If â€Å"Grit†, as defined as a measure of perseverance and the way to achieve a long term goal to succeed in college, then who needs family support and resources? Angela Duckworth’s theory of ‘Grit’ is based on an area of psychology research that determines how to be successful in college. Duckworth’s theory argues that having ‘Grit’ or perseverance is the main force that will pull students through to complete college. While I believe Duckworth’s theory to be useful and that having â€Å"Grit† can be key to one’s success in college completion, I do believe that it is the backbone to many other traits and outside influences important to succeed in college. In the case of Donna Beegle’s Story, I think that Duckworth’s theory would be only somewhat useful to understand her success. In the article, â€Å"An Insider’s Perspective: The Donna Beegle Story,† Beegle tells her experience of overcoming extreme poverty and beating all odds and achieving a doctorate. During her road to success, Beegle had many outside influences that were the key to those achievements. She reached out to a Community Action Agency that really opened the doors for her and started a rippling effect towards key resources and influential people. First and foremost, the biggest stepping stone for her was when the agency connected her to the WIT (Women in Transition) program. Beegle states, â€Å"With an enormous amount of support from the WIT program staff and my family, I entered the community college to work on a two-year degree. (246) In addition to the WIT program, Beegle states, â€Å"The one thing that kept me from giving up was the â€Å"Section 8† public housing certificate from the Portland Housing Authority given to me by the WIT program. † (246) Beegle’s statement proves one of my points, that if it was not for that resource, she would have not have been â€Å"gritty† enough to continue her education. For people like Beegle, a GED was just not in the realm of capabilities for her, without those resources, she would not have been able to persevere to that point and beyond with her education. Secondly, let’s consider her family. Her family played a huge role to her success as well. Beegle’s parents watched her children while she attended college, and gave her the motivation and praise she needed to keep going. In addition Beegle’s brother Wayne provided an unusual and unexpected amount of support that led her to complete her two-year degree. Wayne was incarcerated for twelve years; during those years he had an endless amount of time to read and become something Beegle describes as â€Å"middle- class literate. †(248) It was her brother, who through letters back and forth between the two, helped her understand her assignments. Therefore, it’s her family’s support and help from her brother that allowed her to persevere. In addition to all of the resources and family support, Beegle was lucky to have crossed paths with a language specialist by the name of Dr. Bob Fulford. Fulford was the mentor in Beegle’s life that made a huge impact on her educational success. He went beyond his job as a professor of the university she attended, and really took the time to work with her and guide her through academic achievement and personal affairs. He also taught her how to write and corrected her speech. On top of that support from him, he also â€Å"linked her to a network of professionals in the community who continues to widen my range of possibilities. † (249) I believe Fulford’s guidance and encouragement were the key element to Beegle’s success. If it was not for him and other mentors like him believing in her and recognizing she was not â€Å"stupid†, she would not have the chance to better her education. For some people, Duckworth’s theory of ‘Grit’ and perseverance is just not enough to get a college student through to college completion. According to Beegle, â€Å"[m]entors, [m]iddle-[c]lass [l]anguage† (247) and people seeing her for where she was â€Å"[w]ere [k]eys to [m]y [e]ducational [s]uccess†. For me personally, if I did not have my family, financial aid and the Women’s Program at Highline Community College, I really don’t think I would be able to manage. Even if I had ‘Grit’, there are road blocks like child care and having affordable housing that make it possible for me to stay in college. In my experience, ‘grit’ has helped tremendously when combined with the other elements in my life. For example, I recently helped my mother move from her apartment she has been in for over 24 years, to her home she now owns. Between my brother and I and just a few friends, we spent weeks of packing, updating the new house and unpacking. It was ‘grit’ that helped me through doing this huge move while still making it to class every day, turning in all my homework, and acing two quizzes. I was determined to make school a priority over all the other important events that were going on around me. However, some might argue how ‘grit’ played a major role in Beegle’s and my own story, especially when faced with a big disadvantage such as poverty and severe lack of proper education and in my case, a single parent. They may say that the only way to overcome those obstacles is to persevere through it. It’s true that wanting an education and a better life is what will make someone become â€Å"gritty†. It is my ‘Grit’ that has helped me in my classes; there have been assignments that have made my eyes go cross and makes me feel like I just want to give up. But my inner grit comes out and I think of the long term and what I want for my daughter and I. It is those moments when I can say Duckworth’s theory is useful to my situation but not in the grand scheme of things. With grit alongside with these other elements, one can be successful. So in conclusion, I do think having ‘Grit’ plays a big part in one’s success to college completion or at least it is a great supporting factor. Do I think â€Å"All I need is Grit and I can get a degree? † No.  What I think is, grit can help through the hard times, when you feel like giving up, persevere through those obstacle and find another way to get to where you want to go. It is that inner quality of grittiness that will assist someone on their journey. Like Beegle states, â€Å"With subsidized housing, food stamps, mentoring from numerous people, and the support and encouragement of family and agencies, I was able to move forward and become educated. † (248) for me and others alike, ‘Grit’ is only one piece of the 500 piece puzzle.

Othello Explication

Explication Othello: 3. 3. 258-271. â€Å"Why did I marry? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I do beseech your Honour. † 1. Determine the context of the passage. Othello is doubting Desdemona, and Iago is trying to plant the idea that Desdemona has a hidden agenda with trying to persuade Othello to reinstate Cassio. 2. Describe the passage in its most overt form. (Does it rhyme, does it repeat phrases, words, etc. This passage does not have a rhyme scheme. The only repeat phrases that seem to really show up in the passage are when Iago does call Othello â€Å"Your Honor†.Iago does pause four times when he is speaking in which brings more seemingly innocence to Iago’s character. 3. Do these issues (especially the diction) reflex upon the rest of the text and how so? Yes, This text reflect in the passage and the rest of the text due to Iago urging and pointing out that Desdemona and Cassio are something more then just friends. 4. Describe in detail how the passage works. Does it use questions and why? Does it repeat and why? Does it contain antitheses of any kind and why? ’ Does it contain an oxymoron (or more than one) and why? Does it rely on Petrarchan devices and why?What are the main metaphors (or similes) and why? Are there puns or double entendres and why? You will not find all the devices, but you must show a strong understand of how the language serves the text. Declare your evidence and offer a logical critical reason for the evidence being probative (or proving something worthwhile) in the text. In the passage both Othello and Iago are talking to each other. Othello is questioning why he married Desdemona and questions if she is in fact if she is virginal and virtuous. Iago being very manipulative tells Othello light-heartedly to wait and see what Cassio and Desdemona do.If Desdemona pushes earnestly to have Cassio reinstated back that there could be a back story and they are having an affair. This Passage does not have any Petrarchan devices, but I feel that the Pauses in lines 262,263,269,270 are quite significant to the passage. Iago, calls him self â€Å"busy† in which according to the text he is calling himself too officious, which I feel is a double entendres. 5. Summary your findings in the form of a concluding remark that makes your reader understand that the passage has a relevance to the rest of the text.This section may prove the most difficult, but it is the kind of â€Å"summary† that can lead to a thesis statement for an essay. You need to convince your reader that the passage under scrutiny holds a significant clue to the text as a whole. This clue may mean anything from teaching us how to read the play to what we should be seeking throughout the language and / or devices of the play. I actually found myself playing the both Othello and Iago as a monologue. In which I began to think this is what they were thinking and how the passage should be portrayed, I began to feel that Iago’s ple a was a very good actor.

Answer questions thoroughly from website Research Paper

Answer questions thoroughly from website - Research Paper Example In a society where ample food is being produced, most of it gets imported and the remaining is sold with high profits to the locals and the people who cannot afford it are deprived of the food. g) Efficiency in the allocation of resources is affected by price control. Prices force people to share, knowingly as well as unknowingly. If there is a shortage of a resource and its demand is increasing, by increasing the price the resource can be allocated to more people and the allocated resources can be shared by many. 6. After rent control laws are passed, resources like bricks and pipes etc used in construction of houses are allocated as such that the better quality material goes to the luxury housing building scheme as they can afford to pay more profit on the goods. 8. When a government program produces counterproductive results it is usually a result of the irrationality of the organization as they should have foreseen all the possible outcomes of the program and prepared accordingly 10. Costs are generally taken to be the money we pay for things, when in fact; it actually is an inevitable opportunity to utilize our resources in terms of trade and exchange. So in a primitive society where goods and services are not charged, cost still exists. 11. Adam Smith’s contrasting opinions on capitalists and capitalism are deeply related to social causation and intentional causation as systemic causation is quite common and takes place through a process whereas intentional causation is spontaneous. 12. When the Soviet Union was in command, its industries used more fuel and resources than America yet their output was less. Russia produces a large amount of oil yet the oil is not used in the production of goods. 13. The price of baseball bats can be affected by the demand of paper following a general principal that if a producer is willing to pay a

Discussion ch2 and ch4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion ch2 and ch4 - Essay Example Through this example, Barbara Bush gets her message through and entices good-natured laugh from her audience. She mentions a â€Å"new best friend† who is a supposedly a member of the class, and identifies in many ways with the audience. She speaks of Wellesley ten years ago, establishing a common experience and familiarity; also, she establishes a link to the class of 1990 with her story of the class color – the color purple – and takes off from this to the prospects of the future. Mrs. Bush’s tone is natural and conversational. While she duly acknowledges Mrs. Gorbachev as a guest, she does not put on airs about the important celebrities. Also, the simplicity of her message, to find joy for instance, is punctuated with her warm reference to her husband – a reference to family. She also gave the important points of her message in the form of her three most important choices in life. Her message on family is both natural and emphatic. The story of â€Å"Giants, wizards and dwarfs† drives home the point that everyone in the audience is relevant, though they are diverse and â€Å"do not fit the boxes and the pigeonholes†, in a speech of the graduating class of the previous year. Part 2: Discuss/explain the five methods of organizing content discussed in Chapter 4 AND how you plan to use AT LEAST TWO of these most effectively in your own speech: attention-getter, thesis/preview, transitions, closing statement. 1. Develop the body of your speech first – It is best to begin first by writing the body and leave the introduction for later. In this way, the speech is sure to revolve around the main message and not get carried away by the flowery introduction. 2. Clearly state your central idea – The central idea holds the speech to one focal point and creates a stronger impression on the audience. By concisely stating the central idea, the audience more effectively retains the

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Public Law - Essay Example The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty formulated by Dicey 1 states that the English Constitution confers power to the Parliament both to â€Å"make or unmake any law† and that no other person or body recognized by the English law has power to â€Å"set aside† or â€Å"override† â€Å"the legislation of Parliament†2 The judges have power to make law known as common law though the Parliament can pass legislation to nullify a particular common law which the judges are expected to follow. In fact according to Dicey, judges as handmaidens of the Parliament are expected to expound, explain and â€Å"give effect to the statutes† they come across in their discourse. This principle was confirmed in British Railways Board v Picklin.3 Judges as guardians of common law Notwithstanding this principle, judges as the guardians of common law retain the power of statutory interpretation to ensure that the common law constitutional principles are not eroded by t he Parliamentary legislation. It follows therefore that Parliament does not have an unfettered right to make laws foolishly or unreasonably contrary to the common law principles. However, this presumption is so broad that its weight varies with the specific common law right in issue. European Convention on Human Rights reflect some of these principles. In R v Secretary of State for State for the Home Department ex p. Simms 4 , the issue involved challenge of blanket ban on permitting prisoners to meet journalists to protest their innocence. This was held by the House of Lords as a breach of the common law right giving freedom of expression. Although the prison rules permitted such a policy of blanket ban, the House of Lords found it necessary to read down the rules to make the policy unlawful. Lord Hoffman though agreed with the Parliamentary Sovereignty that gives it a right to pass legislation contrary to fundamental principles of human rights and that The Human Rights Act 1998 ne ed not absolve Parliament of this power, it is fraught with political cost. He further states that fundamental rights cannot be denied by means of general or ambiguous words. This might have escaped unnoticed in the democratic process of law making. As such when there is no express provision, courts find it necessary to presume such general words are also subject to the fundamental rights of individuals. Therefore, courts while in agreement with the sovereignty of Parliament, apply these principles universally applicable in different countries where the parliamentary power is limited by the constitution.5 Thus several case laws have recognized some of the fundamental rights. For example, unhindered access to the courts vide R v Lord Chancellor ex-parte Witham 6 and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex-parte Saleem7. Secondly, right against punishment through a retrospective legislation as held in Waddington v Miah 8 . Thirdly, right against increase of penalties and rig ht of confidential communication with legal advisor in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex-parte Pierson 9 and R v (On the Application of Daly) v SSHD 10 respectively. Lord Hoffman drives home the point that in giving effect to what the Parliament must have intended, the courts rather uphold the supremacy of the

Financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Financial report - Essay Example The company generates more than $100 billion a year out of its profits (Fallowfleld 10 ). McDonald’s is able to reach out all our clients/customers all the time. The bulk of our company’s communication focuses on the products and sales. The company often varies and communicates frequently with our customers based on the type of calls and messages they write. Instead of using promotions and advertisements, they opted to use newsletters and soft-sell messages send directly to clients. This was McDonald’s business strategy to increase its sales of food and franchise around the globe. This was during the battle for supremacy and competition for survival. Because of this, McDonald’s stock price increased during this period as indicated in the chart below. The success of McDonald was largely because of the supportive and well-guided staff as well as committed in producing better results for the company in the right manner such as executing and operating and implementing innovative technologies and utilizing opportunities available (Grez et al., 9). The table below indicates the strong platform in the financial market that the company has ranking them as the best in the US and the World. McDonald is considered as a member of Franchise major companies in the world. Among them are Starbucks and Pizza Hut as well as KFC. The ideal reasons why they are called Franchise majors are that they control more than 26% of world fast food franchise. The chart below indicates the percentage of the Franchise Majors (Yuece 12). The two biggest competitors are Starbucks and Pizza Hut. As indicated from the table below, McDonald has not been left behind line of the key competitors. The company is always doing well as compared to its industry average in contrast to other essential ratios. The company has a high market capitalization than its industry

Collecting Waste Recyclable Products and Different Projects Essay - 7

Collecting Waste Recyclable Products and Different Projects - Essay Example The project managed to collect as much as forty million pounds of waste materials in this year. The project only concentrated on moving around the Terre community and collecting waste material that is recyclable and delivering it to the enterprise for recycling. As a recycling facility, Indiana State University started out with a Wastage Management department in 1990. This department, at the time, comprised of two old cubic yard compactor trucks, five employees and a Cushman truck. The knowledge regarding recycling was not as plentiful as it is nowadays. In addition, the department did not have the necessary budget to undertake effective recycling activities. However, this did not deter them from recycling aluminum can which was the recycling trend at the time. Since then, the department has grown by leaps and bounds to its current state. At the moment, ISU recycling activities are recognized by the Indiana community. The program has developed a drop-facility and has started accepting e-Scrap. Its recycling statistics are impressive considering they have recycled more than 2 million pounds to date. The main activity was driving around collecting garbage. We would drive around in trucks and load recyclable materials to the trucks. The materials include plastic bottles except those that carried oil, glass bottles, cardboard, old telephone books and any other recyclable materials and glass containers provided they did not contain Pyrex. While recycling trash and garbage, we learned the procedures of handling solid waste in the county of Indiana. In the state, we learned that the Indiana County Solid Waste Authority was the authority in matters regarding the disposal of solid waste. This authority was formed as part of the county’s compliance with the Pennsylvania Act of 101 of 1988. All members of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has to enforce the  appropriate solid waste disposal techniques.

Case study 5A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study 5A - Assignment Example ganization a person’s real name, the name of the organization one works for, contacts, such as office e-mail address, and optionally issues one works on. In other words, no personal information should be on the page since it does not matter. 2. Journalists are not machines, meaning that expression of emotions is expected while covering dramatic events. Concealing compassion or anger would be perceived as dishonesty. At the same time, emotions can be overused. This is not the case of Anderson Cooper. His reporting from disaster-torn regions is really quite emotional; however, his expression of emotions does not harm his objectivity. Therefore, it can be regarded as good journalism. 2. The privacy standards for people like Cooper are philosophically different from those for the people whose arrests are reporting on the Wed due to the fact that the latter cannot control the spread of personal information while Cooper has chosen to reveal the information by himself, which means he exercised control over the information at that very

Proposal For 2020 World's Fair Theme Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal For 2020 World's Fair Theme - Term Paper Example After every five years, World Expos is carried out for about six months and attracts millions of guests. Sources indicate that among countries that placed their bids to host the 2020 World Expo such as Dubai, Russia, Turkey, Brazil, United Arab Emirates, and Thailand, Dubai has the best chances of winning the bid (Sukhdey 75). This is because Dubai’s bid is the best funded and the most ambitious plan that will change totally vacant desert regions to oasis. Dubai has also spent a lot of money to corral talent from all over the world to plan for its bid. The information in this proposal is need because it details the theme of the 2020 World Expo: â€Å"Connecting Minds, Creating the Future.† The proposal also indicates how beneficial the 2020 World Expo will be to Dubai. This proposal specific information about the 2020 World Expo, some of which include the location of the Exposition, the theme of the exposition, the current situation of the World Expo and the benefits of the Exposition, how the theme will appeal to the public, and how the theme will be evident in the fair. The International Exhibitions Bureau has evaluated the potential of Dubai to host the 2020 World Fair under the theme â€Å"Connecting Minds, Creating the Future†. This theme is very relevant to the current world’s situation and economic realities. This theme will enable the city to move ahead in terms of infrastructure, growth, and connectivity. The entire world will obviously benefit from the result of the Exposition. This is because in the whole history of the World Fair, structures that later become iconic symbols in the host cities are constructed. For example the 1992 Space Needle in Seattle and the 1889 Eiffel Tower (Sukhdey 79). The 2020 World’s Fair Theme will be evident at the fair itself due to the exhibits that will be available. Due to the location, the

Propsal Essay revison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propsal revison - Essay Example The immediate effects anticipated in these circumstances are extreme reduction in the ingenuity and creativity among the working group often leading to lower productivity levels. Such type of situations could also result in the lowering loyalty to their task that ultimately causes radical reduction in the profits. Various successful initiatives have been reported across the world towards the retention rate of the employees in the organizations, ex: study at NASA. The aerospace industry faces Herculean tasks of retaining a satisfied team with very few graduating into the employment scene from the schools. Therefore the committed and capable team being forced to look out for alternate employment the shortage of adequate talent and high pressures on meeting the specific business targets. The research on NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre shows that practicing appropriate and innovative ways to retain their employs is fruitful (Herdey et al, 2008). Ineffective understanding and communication are the reasons that often turn employees restless and lead to disastrous outputs. Such a scenario finally ends in job switching, where he hopes to have better environment of work. To take hold of such migration across organizations, different techniques are practiced to boost motivation. And from a large pool of different methods, incentive systems are found to be most widely practiced. But most often the incentive systems make the employees to orient them towards the inventive component rather than achieving organizational goal. Also, an effective incentive, that promotes retention, drastically varies across persons, teams, companies, organizations and customers (Pavla, 2002). Quanta Energized Services, largest electric service contractor which provides total system solutions to the new challenges emerging in the electrical utilities sector resulting from deregulation and open transmission. The major business activities are related to the maintenance,

Welfare Effects of a Tariff Essay Example for Free

Welfare Effects of a Tariff Essay Free trade necessarily works to the advantage of domestic consumers boosting their choice of goods and services, the quality as well as reduced prices while protectionism is considered by some to be disruptive and harmful to the efficiency of international trade besides harming consumer interests, but even so, trade has never been and may never be free. While free trade has various advantages; protectionism too has a few if not helpful, necessary benefits to a country, Feenstra Taylor (2007). These benefits are hardly set in stone and depend on manifold factors which are equally variable and thus determining the true effect of a tariff requires a case by case assessment of the effects. This essay will asses the common reasons for the use of tariffs and presents the general welfare implications of the tariff on both small countries as well as large countries. Background Tariffs are the most commonly applied ways of protectionism in trade so much so that the WTO was founded in part to create a frame work to allow countries to negotiate a reduction in tariffs in trade. A tariff refers to customs, tributes, tolls or duties, or a schedule of them, imposed by governments on merchandise imported or exported as it crosses international borders. As such every country has a separate system of tariffs as well as regulations and tariffs may take one or more of the following forms; revenue tariff, specific tariffs, protective, ad valorem tariffs as well as protective tariffs each, according to their nature or differing objectives, Pugel Peter Lindert ( 2000). Revenue tariffs are imposed by governments not to bar importation but raise revenues and are mostly imposed on goods or services with inelastic import demand. On the contrary, protective tariffs are imposed by governments to keep out imports and thusly they are set as high as can be possible to render their domestic prices uncompetitive while protective tariffs aim at reducing imports enabling local production to compete with imports. Other classifications of tariffs are based on the nature of taxes and their administration and these in clued ad valorem tariffs which are imposed as a proportion of the value of imports while specific tariffs are simply imposed on imported goods and services according to their amounts in volume, weight or number and not their values. Intuitively, the reasons for the imposition of tariffs vary from protection of infant industries in less developed countries so they can mature and compete favorably with others to other protection of jobs in developed countries, Kraus (2000). In protection of fledge ling industries commonly touted as import substitution practiced by developing countries, tariffs are imposed on goods or services with local production that the country wishes to encourage growth. This would effectively raise the domestic prices of imports thusly rendering domestic products competitive on price terms and shields them from being edged out of the market through predatory pricing which will foster maturity of those industries and facilitate the transformation of less developed economies from agricultural to industrial economies. Tariffs are as well imposed to protect domestic jobs by shielding domestic industries from foreign competition. Lack of regulations, cheap labor, deplorable working conditions and export subsidies in foreign countries would make their exports more competitive price wise and to the disadvantage of local industries who must cut costs by laying off staff. This is well evidenced with the Chinese exports to the United States and European Union and the attendant controversy. Consumer protection is often another motive for imposition of tariffs aimed at stopping goods and services that the government deems harmful to its population. In addition, countries impose tariffs on goods and services that are seen as crucial to the national security. In this, regard defense industries enjoy special treatment as they are deemed important for the interests of a nation; a good example of this includes the protection of aircraft manufacturing industries Boeing and Air Bus in the United States and Europe respectively, Yarbrough Yarbrough (1991). Tariffs have as well been used as political instruments from the days of Alexander Hamilton in protecting infant industries which used tariffs on the back of which a new nation to the 21st century America imposing tariffs on imports from politically incorrect countries. Tariffs may as well be imposed on a country’s goods if their trading partners consider them as employing unfair practices for instance export subsidies. Retaliation can as well be used to achieve a number of political ends by countries. Welfare effects of a Tariff Small Country The welfare analysis begins with the case with a small country, not geographically but one whose import policies have no considerable impact on the international terms of trade, Bowen et al (1998). The analysis is a partial equilibrium analysis considering the market for a single good or service, this assumes that the market is relatively small to have a considerable effect on other markets and thusly it is safe to ignore those interactions. In addition, the model assumes that the tariff is in fact the only one imposed or one of only a few and thusly would not be appropriate in the analysis of welfare impacts involving the implementation of numerous tariffs as would be the case in a trade round. Consider the diagram below. Fig A The diagram shows the respective demand as well as supply curves of an imported good inside a country. The world prices represented as PW are assumed to be below the domestic prices shown in the diagram as by the direction arrow. Under autarky the quantity demanded from domestic production of good X is equal to the quantity indicated by the direction arrow between Stm and Dtm. When an autarky opens up to international trade, the domestic prices tumble to Pw so that there is an excess demand of good X in the country represented by Dft of which on Sft would be supplied by domestic producers at the prevailing world prices and as per the demand and supply curves. The consumer surplus in the country is given by the area above the world supply curve Pw but below the domestic demand curve, Pugel Peter Lindert (2000). . When a specific tariff t is imposed on good X, the world prices Pw would not be affected since a country’s imports are relatively small to have any considerable effect on the world prices and demanded quantity, instead, a tariff would have the impact of raising domestic prices by the amount of the tariff to reach Pw+t. The rise in domestic prices would induce local producers to step up their production to Stm since below this level domestic production is more efficient than foreign production. Thusly the producer surplus would rise by the area shown in the diagram by A, thus this represents a gain by domestic producers due to increased prices and a rise in production resulting from the imposition.

Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements Essay Example for Free

Altruistic Surrogacy Arrangements Essay Couples around the world find out that they’re unable to conceive children. This is a very heart breaking and detrimental situation in anyones life who is trying to have a child. Infertility affects more than 7 million people in the United States, and about 12 percent of women of childbearing age are considered infertile. Most infertility cases are treated with drug or hormone therapies or surgery. However, about 3 percent of cases require more advanced techniques, such as surrogacy. A surrogate is a woman who carries a child for an individual or a couple. Stories of surrogacy reach back to the Bible with the story of Abraham, his wife, Sarah, and her handmaiden, Hagar. In this story, Sarah finds she is unable to conceive and arranges for Abraham to impregnate Hagar, who goes on to conceive Ishmael. There are two types of surrogacy options, one is traditional surrogacy and the other is gestational surrogacy. A traditional surrogate is a woman who donates her own egg and then carries the pregnancy. The surrogates egg is fertilized through artificial insemination with the sperm of the father or a sperm donor. Traditional surrogates are genetically related to the child because their own eggs are used in the process. A gestational surrogate or also known as a gestational carrier, are not biologically or genetically related to the child she carries. Gestational carriers become pregnant through the process of in vitro fertilization, where an embryo or embryos created from the eggs and sperm of the intended parents. Donor eggs and donor sperm are selected by the intended parents are implanted in the uterus for the gestational period of 40 weeks. Intended parents and surrogates have to consider what type of surrogacy arrangement they feel like they are comfortable with. There are two common types of arrangements pertaining to surrogacy, which are commercial and altruistic. In commercial surrogacy the surrogate is paid for her time and effort, any travel involved and related medical expenses not covered by insurance. The chosen surrogate and the intended parents usually dont know each other before the arrangement. In altruistic surrogacy arrangements, the carrier sees no financial gain, and the arrangements are commonly made with relatives or friends of the intended parents. Surrogacy is against the Church’s teaching, they teach that techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral. These techniques (heterologous artificial insemination and fertilization) infringe the childs right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage. They betray the spouses right to become a father and a mother only through each other (Catechism). The use of a surrogate mother is a process that is thousands of years old. This is proven in the writings of the Bible in the story of Abraham and his wife Sarah, she was infertile. At this time in the earths history, a woman who was childless was often at times shamed by her family and friends. These women would offer their servants to act as a surrogate. The Bible does not specifically forbid the process of surrogacy. The question that you must ask is, whether it is considered to be moral or ethical with keeping children conceived out of love, born from a married couple. The Bible has also been interpreted as stating that children are a gift, not a right. Therefore, God will bless some people with children and others not. Personally I believe surrogacy is an â€Å"okay† practice. Surrogacy ultimately brings joy to the couple and why would god not want us to seek happiness. Surrogacy may seem to be defying God’s will but I think it’s a way of making a precious life out of a bad situation. Being told you will not be able to have your own children is a heart breaking situation. You would never know how it felt until you experience yourself. What gives us the right to judge someone else for wanting a child from their own DNA. If Surrogacy can use one embryo and not kill of the others I think it should be allowed in the church.

Case study: Facial Recognition

Case study: Facial Recognition Facial Recognition is the process where the brain recognizes, understands and interprets the human face (Face Recognition, n.d.). The face is essential for the identification of others and expresses significant social information. The face reveals significant social information, like intention, attentiveness, and communication. Goldstein (1983) (as cited in Chung Thomson, 1995) stated that, The face is the most important visual stimulus in our lives probably from the first few hours after birth, definitely after the first few weeks. The loss of the ability to recognize faces, like those who have prosopagnosia, greatly affects the individuals life. The primary focus of this review is to provide an overview of the development of facial recognition, gender and age differences, facial identity and expression, memory, prosopagnosia, and hemispheric advantages in facial recognition. It is also my intention to review past and contemporary theories of development and understanding of facial recognition. The Birth of Facial Recognition The human face has sparked interest in various disciplines within the arts and sciences for centuries (Darwin, 1872 as cited in Nelson, 2001). This fascination of the human face may reflect the psychological significance of the face and the recognition of other faces. Cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists and developmental psychologists are interested in facial recognition due to evidence that faces are somehow perceived differently than other patterned objects, the ability is controlled by a distinct neural circuit, and that faces provide an early means of communication between infants and caretakers. Regardless of the wide-ranged and continued interest in the subject matter, it still remains unclear how facial recognition becomes specialized, and what neurological systems are involved in the development process (Nelson, 2001). The number of research with faces used as stimuli has increased dramatically over the past decades (Chung Thomson, 1995). This may be a result of a change in the cognitive studies from fragmented verbal materials to more meaningful nonverbal memory. It is also noteworthy that the majority of the research on facial recognition has been focused on infants and adults, giving little attention to the developmental changes during childhood (two through five years of age). Studies of Development Studies in Newborns In the early stages of facial recognition (1960s) there were contrasting results as to whether newborns had any preference towards faces over other patterned stimuli. Over the next few decades of research, the view that newborns are capable of recognizing faces and discriminating between their mothers and unfamiliar faces was supported by researchers (Nelson, 2001). Although the findings that newborns can distinguish between faces and may show preferences, evidence for ability to recognize faces earlier than 1 to 2 months of age is extremely weak and not regularly supported. Newborns possess poor visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and cannot determine the high spatial frequencies that make up the fine details of faces (de Schonen and Mathivet, 1990; Simion et al., 1998 as cited in Nelson, 2001 ). Another criticism of newborn studies is that they have used schematized stimuli (having eye sockets and opening for a mouth and nose used as a model of a real face), questioning the validi ty of the stimuli used to serve as a real face. In more current literature by Gava, Valenza, Turati and de Schonen (2008), they found evidence that newborns may have the ability to detect and recognize partially occluded faces. They believe their findings highlight the importance the eyes play in newborns facial detection and recognition. Newborns detected faces even if some low-information portions were missing from the face. The only exception was the eyes-once the eyes were removed, detection and recognition of the stimuli was impaired. This is found in both newborns and adults. The findings of the study were in line with Morton and Johnsons structural hypothesis (Gava, Valenza, Turati and de Schonen, 2008) that states, faces are special for newborns because human infants possess a device that contains structural information concerning the visual characteristics of conspecifics-hiding the eyes implies that the typical face pattern (three high contrast blobs in the correct positions of the eyes and the mouth) would be disrupted. There are two hypotheses offered by Gava, Valenza, Turati and de Schonen (2008) explaining how newborns recognize the difference between the non-obstructed and obstructed faces. The first hypothesis states, Newborns might have filled in the partly hidden surface, thus perceiving the obstructed stimulus as connected behind the obstructers, or might have simply perceived only what is immediately visible of the obstructed face. The second hypothesis suggests that newborns might have perceived the similarities between the non-obstructed and the obstructed face, perceiving only what is immediately visible of the obstructed face. The results found do not explain the perceptual operations of the ability of the newborns to detect and recognize occluded faces. Nonetheless, it demonstrates that the degree of salience highly affects the competence of the obstructed information. Both past and present literature shows a difference in opinions when it comes to newborns and facial recognition. In recent literature the main consensus is that newborns can certainly recognize faces, but the perceptual operations of the newborns ability to detect and recognize are still yet unknown. Studies in Infants In 1972, Fagan (as cited in Nelson, 2001) demonstrated that infants around 4 months old have excellent recognition of upright faces in comparison to upside down faces. This finding suggests that infants around the age of 4 months have developed a face schema and view faces as a special class of stimuli (Nelson, 2001). Infants between the ages of 3 to 7 months can identify their mothers from strangers and recognize faces by gender and facial expression. These findings demonstrate the development over the first 6 months in facial recognition, where infants not only identify but also discriminate faces. Carlsson, Lagercrantz, Olson, Printz Bartocci (2008) measured the cortical response in the right fronto-temporal and right occipital areas of healthy 6 to 9 month old children by showing an image of their mothers faces compared to that of an unknown face. A double-channel NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) device monitored concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The mother was asked not to talk to their children during the trials. The children were exposed to four types of visual stimuli: a grey background, a photograph of the mother, a second grey background and a photo of the unknown female face. Eight children (Group A) were presented with a picture of their mother before that of the unknown female face. In Group B, 11 children were presented in the reversed order. Each stimulus lasted a period of 15 seconds. The results showed that Group A (the mother image first) elicited an increase in the right fronto-temporal area, which is statistical different from responses to the unknown image. In Group B, (the unknown females face first) there was an insignificant increase in cortical response in the right fronto-temporal area when shown the unknown female and then spiked when the maternal facial image was presented. The findings in this study show that there was a greater increase in the right fronto-temporal region when the picture of the mother was shown in comparison with the unknown female photo. The effect of this hemoglobin change is most likely due to a discriminatory and recognition process. In addition to the right fronto-temporal region they also illuminated the right occipitotemporal pathway, part of the right prefrontal cortex, the right medial temporal lobe and the right fusiform area. These have been identified as specific target areas involved in face recognition. By looking at the mothers, the facial image is suspected to be an accurate result of the activation in the right occipitotemporal pathway. Difficulties in face recognition among infants born prematurely may be caused by a change or delay in the development of this pathway. The results show that the connectivity between the occipital cortex and the right prefrontal area are present and functional at the age of 6 to 9 months. These findings are extremely valuable to understanding the developmental mechanisms in infant social adaptation. Studies in Children It is highly likely that as we age, ones level of accuracy for facial recognition increases, but the evidence for the underlying processes of age differences is less certain. One of the techniques used was showing inversed pictures of faces to both adults and children. It was found that inversion disproportionately impairs the recognition of faces more so than other objects (Tanaka, Kay, Grinnell, Stansfield Szechter, 1998). Evidence by Carey and Diamond (1977) revealed that children at the ages of 8 and 10 years recognized a face with better accuracy if it was in the upright position in comparison to inverted position, like adults. However, children at age 6 recognized the inverted faces equally as well as the upright faces. These findings led to the hypothesis that children at the age 6 use a featural encoding strategy for processing faces. This is called the encoding switch hypothesis, where children 6 and under encode upright faces according to features such as the nose, mouth a nd eyes, and around the age of about 8 to 10 years, they begin to process faces holistically. In a second experiment when testing their encoding hypothesis, Carey and Diamond (1977) found that 6 year olds were misled more by changes in clothing, hairstyle, eyeglasses and facial expressions than 8 and 10 year olds. These results suggest that children at younger ages process faces according to their parts until they are about the age of 10, where they switch to a holistic approach. Carey and Diamond received criticism by a researcher named Flin, who believed their results were due the level of difficulty used in the task for 6 year olds and that their poor performance might have obscured the possible inversion effects. Flin (1985) (as cited in Tanaka, Kay, Grinnell, Stansfield Szechter, 1998) found that the 6 year olds recognition was below the older age group as an overall. He argued that there is little evidence to support the encoding switch hypothesis when taking age related performance differences into account. In more recent research, Tanaka, Kay, Grinnell, Stansfield Szechter (1998) stated that although face inversions may reveal performance difference, they provide little insight into the cognitive operations attributable to these differences. Tanka reasoned that if upright faces are encoded holistically, the whole-face test item should serve as a better retrieval cue than isolated-part test items, and if inverted faces are encoded only in terms of their parts, there should be no difference in the isolated part and whole face test conditions. Over a series of three experiments, their findings failed to support Carey and Diamonds (1977) predictions of the encoding switch hypothesis. If young children rely on featural information to encode faces, one would expect differences in their parts and whole performances than older children, which were not found. Their results suggest that by the age of 6 years old, children use a holistic approach to facial recognition and that the holistic appro ach remains relatively stable from ages 6 to 10. Recent research by Baenninger (1994) and Carey Diamond (1994) (as cited in Tanaka, Kay, Grinnell, Stansfield Szechter, 1998) also supports the idea that children do not encode faces based on features and then switch to a more configural encoding strategy, but instead encode normal faces holistically from the beginning. In fact, Carey and Diamond (1994) suggest that the Age X Inversion interaction may be attributed to a norm-based coding scheme (relational properties of the face that is encoded relative to the norm face in the population), which may explain experimental factors in changing the absolute levels of holistic processing. The norm-based coding model predicts that as one ages, facial recognition improves, whereas facial recognition should remain constant. The inversion task used by Carey and Diamond (1977, 1994) eliminated capability advantages by blocking norm-based encoding of relational properties, which could attribute to the lack of evidence for the holistic model. Th e single process that configural and featural information are encoded together supports the holistic approach to face recognition (Tanaka, Kay, Grinnell, Stansfield Szechter, 1998). Prosopagnosia A large amount of facial recognition research comes from the assessment of patients with prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is [a] visual agnosias that is largely restricted to a face recognition, but leaves intact recognition of personal identity from other identifying cues, such as voices and names (Calder Young, 2005). Regardless of who they are looking at, face recognition can be severely impaired. Patients typically recognize people by paraphernalia (voice or distinct features, such as a mole). Patients often cannot distinguish men from women, but hair length is a good retrieval cue for recognition. Areas related to prosopagnosia have been found the left frontal lobe, bilateral occipital lobes, bilateral parieto-occipital regions, and in the parieto-temporo-occipital junction (Ellis, 1975). It is possible to have several areas of damage for the specific function, but most occur in the right hemisphere. Gloning et al. (1970) (as cited in Ellis, 1975) found it is common for patients to exhibit symptoms of other agnosias. Such as foods looking the same, difficulty identifying animals, and inability to locate themselves in space and time. Some other, typically uncommon defects include visual field defects, constructional apraxia, dyspraxia for dressing, and metamorphosia (Ellis, 1975). The symptoms attributed with identifying faces are described as overall blurring, difficulties in interpreting shades and forms, and the inability to infer emotions in the face. Gloning et al. (1966) (as cited in Ellis, 1975) reports some patients have the most difficulty with the eye regions and others found the eyes the easiest to recognize. Regardless of the symptoms, an interesting aspect of prosopagnosia is that patients can always detect a face, but are unable to recognize it. This suggests that there is a two-part process in facial recognition. First, faces are detected, and then undergo further analysis where information such as age and sex are analyzed and compared in long-term memory. In comparing left posterior hemisphere to the right posterior hemisphere, Yin (1970) (as cited in Ellis, 1975) found that those with damage on the right side were poorer at face memory tasks than those with left side damage. They found that visual categories may all be difficult to recognize because they all have a high degree of inter-item similarity. De Renzi Spinnler (1966) (as cited in Young, 2001) found similar evidence, showing that patients with right-hemisphere damage were worse at recognizing faces, and other abstract figures than those with left hemisphere damage. These significant findings led them to believe that those with right-hemisphere damage are limited in high level integration of visual data. It also led to the hypothesis that prosopagnosia patients have lost the ability to recognize the individual members of categories with items of similar appearance (Young, 2001). The finding of covert recognition (Bauer, 1984 as cited in Ellis, Lewis, Moselhy Young, 2000) helped the cases of prosopagnosia as a domain-specific impairment of facial memory, showing parallels to priming effects. Bauer tested his patient LF by measuring his skin conductance while he viewed a familiar face and listened to a list of five names. Skin conductance was shown to be greater when the name belonged to the face LF was looking at. However, when asked to choose the correct name of the face, LF was unable to do so. These results showed a significant difference between the inability to overtly identify the face and the higher levels of skin conductance in the covert recognition. Bauer believed that there were two routes in the recognition of faces that both began in the visual cortex and ends in the limbic system, but each taking a different pathway (Bauer, 1984 as cited in Ellis, Lewis, Moselhy Young, 2000). Although Bauers neurological hypothesis was dismissed shortly after, his psychological hypothesis of a separation between overt recognition and orienting responses has been generally accepted (Ellis, Lewis, Moselhy Young, 2000). Models of Facial Recognition Bruce Young Functional Model Bruce and Young (1986) have proposed a functional model suggesting that the structural codes for faces are stored in memory and then connected with the identity and name of the matching face. The model mainly supports how individuals recognize familiar faces. This is one of the better models for face recognition. Their model is outlined in a box and arrow format, where face recognition is completed in stages. In the first stage, structural encoding, individuals encode visual information from a face into information that can be used by the other stages of the face recognition system. Within the structural encoding are two separate processes, view-centred description, and expression-independent descriptions. These two are in a serial position where expression-independent descriptions take input information from the view-centred descriptions process. These allow for identification of facial features when viewed from various angles. The next few stages are part of a series of parallel processes after the structural encoding stage. The expression analysis stage takes its input from the view-centred descriptions processes, allowing facial expression to be analyzed. The next stage is facial speech analysis. The last branch is directed visual processing, which targets more general facial processing such as distinguishing between faces. These sets of parallel processes take input from both structural encoding processes. All of these four links of parallel face processing feed into the general cognitive system, where all are bidirectional links receiving some input back from the cognitive system (Bruce Young, 1986). The last three stages of Bruce and Youngs (1986) model are the recognition, identification and naming stages. The recognition stage involves face recognition units, also known as FRUs. They are individual nodes associated with familiar faces. When facial features are detected, nodes are activated and fed into the FRU system. Whichever node reaches the threshold activation level is the one that corresponds to the face being observed, and is then recognized. The face recognition units interact with person identity nodes, also known as PINs. PINs and FRUs bidirectionally share input information, with a two-way interaction. Activation of the PIN for a person can create some activation in the FRU, allowing recognition time for the face to be faster. Last is the name generation process. Both the PINs and name retrieval interact with the cognitive system. However, only the PINs have a two-way interaction, whereas name retrieval process solely sends input information to the cognitive system. IAC Model Burton, Bruce and Johnstons (1990) adaptation of McClellands Interactive Activation and Competition model of concept learning is an extremely basic form of a connectionist model, consisting from pools of simple processing units. The goal of the model is to explain repetitive priming, associative priming, distinctiveness and face naming. All of the units within a pool inhibit each other. There are excitatory links connecting individual units across different pools, where activation passes between these links (all links are bidirectional). Each FRU is paired to a known face and any form of recognition will activate the appropriate FRU. The second level of classification occurs at the Person Identity Nodes (PIN), where one unit is paired to each known person. Familiarity is signaled when any PIN reaches a common activation threshold. This implies that there is one decision mechanism used for all person familiarity judgments, regardless if they are faces or other kinds of information. The third level of classification is the pool labeled Semantic Information Units (SIUs), where information about known individuals are coded in the form of a link between the persons PIN and SIU. The fourth level of classification is a pool of units labeled lexical output, which capture the first stage of processes involved in speech and other output modalities. The fifth and final stage is a pool of units labeled WRUs (Word Recognition Units), where code names link directly to a pool of Name Recognition Units (NRUs). Finally, all Word Recognition Units are connected directly to the lexical output units, in which the model contains the elements of a dual route model of reading. The IAC Model is different from the Functional model because FRUs signal face familiarity, pins are modality-free gateways to semantic information, and that the details and spread of activity are more clarified. This model has had success in simulating phenomena such as relative timing of familiarity, repetition, semantic and cross modal semantic priming. Both the Bruce Young (1986) and Burton, Bruce and Johnston (1990) models show how activation levels are used in recognition processes. These two models help us theorize exactly what is happening in the mind as we analyze and recognize facial features and faces as a whole. The main idea of the model is the idea that facial identity and expression are recognized by functionally and neurologically independent systems. These models have started great advances in the research of facial recognition. Memory Load on Facial Recognition Memory in facial recognition has had limited research, which is surprising considering its importance to understanding facial recognition and how it could impact research. Goldstein and Chance (1981) (as cited in Lamont, Williams Podd, 2005) found two critical variables that have received little attention when reviewing laboratory settings: memory load and delay. Memory load is defined as the number of faces shown in the study phase and delay is defined as the delay between study and recognition phase. Researchers have found that increasing age is associated with a decline in facial recognition ability. However, the variables interacting with age are still unknown. Nevertheless, mixed evidence on the question of whether face age has any impact on elderly participants is still debated. Evidence by Shapiro Penrod (1986) (as cited in Lamont, Williams Podd, 2005) reveals that as memory load increases, face recognition performance decreases. Due to the limited research on the subject matter, Podd (1990) wanted to inquire about the possible effects that it has on the field of research for facial recognition. Podd tested subjects in small groups, where they were asked to look carefully at a series of faces that the subjects were asked to identify at a later time. Subject had to discriminate between faces that they had seen previously and those that had yet to be seen in the recognition phase. The results showed that an increase in both memory load and delay correlate to a decrease in recognition accuracy. Podd believes this could be contingent on the fact that increased memory load decreases accuracy by decreasing the portion of targets correctly identified, while delay decreases accuracy by increasing the likelihood that a distractor will be called a target. Depending on how similar the target is from the distractor, there will be fewer attributes to use to differentiate between the targets. In more current literature, Lamont, Williams Podd (2005) have tested both aging effects and memory load on face recognition. They looked at two interacting variables: the age of the target face and memory load. They were curious in finding out if memory load had a greater impact in the elderly than in younger individuals. Another variable they looked at was recognition load, the total number of target and distractor faces seen in the recognition phase. The main objective was to see if they could determine whether the effects of memory load could be teased out from recognition load. In the results they found that, as expected, older age was correlated with a decrease in accuracy of facial recognition. Surprisingly, older people had a decrease in accuracy for younger faces but not in older faces. The results of the study were not consistent with past research, which found that recognition accuracy in the younger groups was higher with younger faces than with older faces. The current study showed the exact opposite results. One possibility of these results is that with increasing age, features of the face fade more quickly. Also, with increasing retention intervals, there is more time for peoples memories of the target to fade, where the least salient feature fades the fastest (Podd, 1990). They believe that the elderly have fewer distinctive facial features available in memory to make the judgment, meaning an increase in judgment time. It is also noteworthy to say these findings are consistent with Podds earlier work, (1990) showing that increased memory load is associated with a reliable decrease in performance in recognition accuracy. The findings show that recognition load produced the decrease, which is independent of age. Another important finding is that recognition load is the true source of the association between increased memory load and decreased face recognition. Lamont, Williams Podd (2005) state that, [f]ew studies dealing with memory load have taken account of this potential confound, and our results challenges the interpretation of all such research. Crook Larrabee (1992) (as cited in Lamont, Williams Podd, 2005) suggest that the present studies implications are of considerable value to future research, since some authors do not report age of their target faces. Therefore, the results are crucial for proper interpretation of facial recognition research. Sex Differences Hemispheric Advantages in Facial Processing Extensive research has been completed on facial recognitions hemispheric advantages. Unfortunately, little has been concluded due to contradicting evidence. Patterson and Bradshaw (1975) (as cited in Turkewitz Ross, 1984) found that when drawings of faces varied by only one feature, participants showed an advantage in the left hemisphere; however, when all features varied, there was an advantage in the right hemisphere. Prior studies have shown that advantages in both hemispheres are contingent on the conditions being used, which produces different results. Even when the conditions are held constant, conflicting results emerge, resulting in individuals showing both right and left hemisphere advantages. Ross and Turkewitz (1981) (as cited in Turkewitz and Ross, 1984) found hemispheric advantages were associated with the nature of the information process strategy being used by the participant. Those with a right-hemisphere advantage showed signs of decline when inversion of faces was being tested, whereas those with left hemisphere advantages showed a decline while omission of selected facial features were tested. They suggest that these results show that those with a right-hemisphere advantage recognize faces based on gestalt qualities (whole) and those with left hemisphere recognize faces based on a more individual and distinctive features. Turkewitz and Ross (1984) were interested in researching age-related changes in hemispheric advantages in recognition of presented faces and determining whether a dual-mode of right hemisphere processing exists and if it associates with differences of age and gender. The participants were students ages 8, 11 and 13 years old. Participants were seated in a chair in front of a screen, where facial stimuli were presented. The objective was to point to the face presented in the response sheet for each trial. The data found suggest that there are age- and gender-related differences in the nature of hemispheric advantages shown when confronted with the task of identifying unfamiliar faces. The findings also support the hypothesis of processing stages, where different hemispheric advantages are associated with the stages. Both adults and older girls exhibited a right-hemisphere advantage, suggesting an age-related shift, responding to the undifferentiated and global characteristics of the faces. Younger girls showed no advantage which suggests they use right and left hemisphere strategies equally well. This suggests that girls are using more advanced and integrated right hemisphere modes of functioning, which tends to be more effective when engaging in facial recognition. Everhart, Shucard, Quatrin Shucard (2001) tested 35 prepubertal children in facial recognition and facial affect processing. They were trying to find similar results to those found in the previous literature stating that males show higher levels of activation in the right hemisphere, where females tend to show higher levels in the left. They were also looking to see if this change developed before puberty, similar to those of adults, and to see if gender-related differences would be present in cortical processing during the performance of face recognition. Auditory probes were used to gather ERPs during a Facial Recognition Memory task. They used a facial identification task to gather data on matching and recognition of facial affect, reaction time and accuracy. Their results showed that boys show greater levels of ERP amplitude in the right hemisphere, where girls showed greater levels of activation in the left hemisphere. The findings also showed that boys might process faces at a global level, which is in the right hemisphere, and girls might process faces at a more local level, in the left hemisphere. This study states that its findings have potential clinical implications. Due to the finding that boys use more resources in their right hemisphere and girls use more in their left, then sex related differences will be evident following lesions to the right hemisphere, suggesting that males may be more at risk to have prosopagnosia. Conclusion Facial recognition has interested humans for centuries. Although all evidence out there on the subject matter is useful and important, I selected the findings I believe to be the most important. Based on the research in the development of facial recognition we can conclude that, humans, from newborn age through adulthood, can identify faces. By the age of 6 months, people can discriminate between faces. It has also been found that children do not encode faces based on features and then switch to a more configural model, but rather encode faces on a more holistic level. Other aspects looked at were prosopagnosia and different models of face recognition. Some of the most important research on facial recognition comes from comparing prosopagnosia patients to normal adults. The last two topics examined in this review were memory load and hemispheric advantages. Both help us understand where we process facial information and also how our memory works to store faces. The location of facial recognition has been narrowed down to specific areas of the brain and pathways, further research must be done to get a better idea

Analysis of Works From Art from the Ashes edited by Langer Essay

Analysis of Works From "Art from the Ashes" edited by Langer How can a person reach back into the past and retrieve the criminal events of sixty years ago? Read the works provided in â€Å"Art from the Ashes,† and wait; wait for words to explode onto an emotionally unprepared mind with enough force to awaken previously dormant areas of one’s psychological capacity. One can then begin to understand. Lawrence L. Langer’s introduction provides keys to open doors of impossibility, to expand sympathy, and to venture into the dark corners of an individual’s capabilities. He reminds us not to mistake true experiences for â€Å"an alien world of fantasy† or to look for triumph of love over hate (Langer 4). The stories he has selected for this anthology â€Å"gaze[] into the depths without flinching† (Langer 5). They must also â€Å"discover and accept the twisted features of the unfamiliar without searching for words, like ‘suffering’† (Langer 6). His main principals of selection, how ever, include â€Å"artistic quality, intellectual rigor, and physical integrity of the texts.† The works chosen by Langer must be academically appealing but still be able â€Å"to liberate responses on the deepest levels of psychological, mental, emotional, and aesthetic concerns† (Langer 8). The following stories represent the approaches and difficulties put forward by Langer: â€Å"The Key Game† by Ida Fink, â€Å"Spring Morning† also by Ida Fink, and â€Å"Poem About a Herring† by Abraham Sutzkever. In these works, characters yearning to exist fully are placed in critical situations where they are always faced with the constant anticipation of death. The striking shortness of time is an always present force facing the characters. Ida Fink’s short story, â€Å"The Key Game,† begi... ...e taking place somewhere else in the dark depths of someone’s imagination. Unfortunately, it must be taken â€Å"in literal, not metaphorical, terms† that the child had â€Å"a bloody herring in his mouth† (Langer 5, 581). Secondly, it â€Å"gazes into the depths without flinching† (Langer 7). Sutzkever, to the best of his ability shows the truth of the situation. His provides images of child dying of fatal gunshots – when most would try to avoid that image. Reading these works without the help of Langer’s introduction would be enlightening, but his statements should be considered and remembered during the â€Å"venture into disorientation† of mind and soul. Since the writers of these works were brave enough to release their experiences using an art, the reader should be brave enough to briefly imagine their experiences without transforming them into a type of fiction.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Philosophy Education

My Philosophy of Education Why do I want to be a teacher? I have thought long and hard over that question, and my answer is â€Å"I don’t know.† My initial thought about going into teaching stemmed from my own experiences. When my son was in school, a teacher gave up on him and said, â€Å"he’ll be a dropout.† They will weed him out when he gets to high school. My son is now a junior at West Virginia University. I never want to see another kid be dropped through the cracks or weeded out, when he gets to high school. Children are our greatest assets. Teachers have an obligation to try every avenue with each student until they find one that works. I know that every time I walk into a classroom of students, I get a chill up my back. I feel like I am home. I am comfortable in a room full of children, waiting and wanting to learn. I feel that it is my responsibility to give them the best education I can provide. My philosophy of education is a blend of positive and negative points of Plato/Socrates, William Bagley’s essentialism, and B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism. Socrates’ ability to make students question, disprove and test the inner thoughts fascinate me. William Bagley’s essentialists give students the back to basics education program, with heavy emphasis put on writing, science, reading, math, art and music. I firmly believe students learn through reasoning out questions and problems and from meaningful life experiences and social interactions. B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism urge’s teachers to use a positive reinforcement to encourage a positive behavior. I do believe vocational school is the right direction for some students to pursue. I also think that students’ interests and activities should be taken int... ...e children today are adults and leaders of tomorrow. Children will become what we teach them to become. A teacher who can motivate students, must have a positive attitude and outlook, search for the positive in every student and encourage students to question, search and discover. A teacher needs to be flexible, but firm, understanding, generate interest in everything they teach and never give up on any student. All children deserve the right to a meaningful and rich education. Children learn through the power of reasoning and life experiences. Teachers need to retain the belief that teaching is the most important and rewarding profession one can embark upon. Teachers who strive to teach the next millennium of students will need to have valuable assets and abilities. Anything less will be unfair to the children of the future.

Examine the reasons for changes in the educational attainment of males

Examine the reasons for changes in the educational attainment of males and females in recent years (20 marks) For the past recent years girls have significantly outperformed boys in educational attainment and this is due to a number of factors. The GCSE results for 2000 and 2001 shows the degree to which the percentage of girls achieving grades A*-C exceeded that of boys. In 2002, 62.4% of female GCSE entrants achieved grades A*-C, compared with 53.4% of males. Research published in 2003 shows that the gap between girls and boys widens as they grow older. The most recent barrier which is being broken down is that of university entry. The most recent official figures for a gender breakdown in university admission are from 2001. These show that while 43% of all young people entered higher education, the figure for girls was 46.7% and for boys 40.4% Joan Gannod drew a number of conclusions as to why this was. One reason is for the ‘lad culture’ that resides in numerous schools. The attitude that school is â€Å"uncool†, an anti-social culture working against learning. Keith Shipman and Keith Hicks identified that the presence of friends in a group make you work less. That boys saw looking cool as being more important than being studious. Also, Paul Willis identified that working class boys were much susceptible to this as it was the middle class values that were prized in the classroom via the hidden curriculum which influenced the boys into working against the education system. Another theorist, Peter Woods In The Divided School (1979) argued that boys are more concerned with the approval of their peer group than the approval of their teachers. Another further reason is the lack of role models for boys, p... ...he number of girls expressing professional career hopes such as doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc. Sharpe has argued that these changes in attitudes towards marriage and work are factors in explaining why girls are performing better at school than they were twenty years ago. I think that the interactionist perspective for example, Peter Woods is successful in theory, as he believes that it provides information which could lead to better teaching and a reduction in conflict and deviance within schools however this Marxist approach has its limitations and its main focus is from a macro perspective and does not appear to focus on each individual. The relative uniformity of meanings that lie behind what counts as knowledge and ability, suggests that such meanings are not simply constructed in the classroom but rather they have a wider and fundamental basis.

Volumetric Analysis: Lab Report

Floyd Askew 3/19/13 CHEM 1211L Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab is to use volumetric analysis to determine the concentration of unknown substances. A sodium hydroxide solution is standardized to assist in finding the concentration of an acetic acid. An indicator must be used to pin point the equivalence point, the point in which 1 mole of a substance is equal to 1 mole of another. When that is found, we can determine the concentration. HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2 (aq) The above equation is used to neutralize the acetic acid.The acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt. Because there’s a 1:1 ratio, the moles of the acid must equal the moles of the base in order to reach the equivalence point. As far as the indicators go, an acid-base indicator will be used to show when we are close to the end point. For example, when HIn is dissociated In – is produced and it is pink. (See equation below) HIn + H2O H3O + +In – Procedure St andardization of NaOH Solution 1. A known amount of KHP is transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and an accurately measured amount of water is added to make up a solution. . NaOH solution is carefully added to the KHP solution from a buret until we reach the equivalence point. At the equivalence point, all the KHP present has been neutralized by the added NaOH and the solution is still colorless. However, if we add just one more drop of NaOH solution from the buret, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. Titration of an unknown 1. A measured amount of an acid of unknown concentration is added to a flask using a buret. An appropriate indicator such as phenolphthalein is added to the solution. The indicator will indicate, by a color change, when the acid and base has been neutralized). 2. Base (standard solution) is slowly added to the acid. 3. The process is continued until the indicator shows that neutralization has occurred. This is called the END P OINT. The end point is usually signaled by a sharp change in the color of the indicator in the acid solution. In acid-base titrations, indicators are substances that have distinct different colors in acid and base (Phenolphthalein pink in base, colorless in acid). 4. At the equivalence point, both acid and base have been completely neutralized and the solution is still colorless.However, if we add just one more drop of NaOH solution from the buret, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. This slight excess of NaOH is not much beyond the end point. The volume of the base is recorded and used to determine the molarity of the acetic acid solution. Experimental Data Standardization of NaOH solution | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Mass of KHP| 0. 297 g| 0. 325 g| 0. 309 g| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 0. 00 mL| 0. 50 mL| 7. 70 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 34. 0 mL| 38. 7 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 32. 0 mL| 33. mL| 31. 0 mL| Molarity of NaOH soluti on| 0. 0454 M| 0. 0475 M| 0. 0488 M| Average molarity of NaOH| 0. 0472 M| Titration of unknown | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Initial buret reading, NaOH| 2. 70 mL| 19. 9 mL| 0. 00 mL| Final buret reading, NaOH| 19. 9 mL| 36. 2 mL| 19. 8 mL| Volume used, NaOH| 17. 2 mL| 16. 3 mL| 19. 8 mL| Molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0780 M| 0. 0769 M| 0. 0935 M| Average molarity of acetic acid solution| 0. 0828 M| Sample Calculations The following calculations were used for each Trial, but only inputs for Trial 1 will be shown below.Volume = Final buret reading – Initial buret reading i. Volume of NaOH = Final buret reading of NaOH – Initial buret reading of NaOH ii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL NaOH – 0. 00 mL NaOH iii. Volume of NaOH = 32. 0 mL Molarity = Moles/Liters i. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH ii. Molarity of NaOH solution = (0. 2966 g/204. 22 g)/0. 032 L iii. Molarity of NaOH solution = 0. 0454 M Molarity of acetic ac id = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid i. Molarity of acetic acid = (0. 0472 M * 0. 0172 L)/ 0. 1 L ii. Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 0780 M Percent Error = Experimenal value-Accepted valueAccepted value*100 i. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 0. 0472 M-0. 05 M0. 05 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molarity of NaOH = 5. 6% i. Percent Error of Molarity of acetic acid = 0. 078 M-0. 080 M0. 080 M*100 ii. Percent Error of Molaarity of acetic acid = 2. 5% Discussion The results obtained from the experiment proved to the principle that using the indictor we can find the end point, which is very close to the equivalence point of an acidic solution.Then using that point we were able to calculate the unknown molarity which was one of the goals of the experiment. The calculations also verify Boyle’s Theory. When we calculated the molarity of the acetic solution, an average value of 0. 078 M was obtained. The true value of the molarity of the acetic acid solution was 0. 08 M. Although it isn’t right on, it is very close to the true value which leads me into discussing the percent error. We found the percent error of the molarity of NaOH to be 5. 6%, and the percent error of the molarity of acetic acid to be 2. 5%, which are both pretty small.The error may have occurred when adding NaOH solution. Occasionally slightly more pressure was put on tilts of the piece on the buret to allow the solution to flow through. This means that more of the solution may have been used than needed. Overall, experiment agrees with the formulated hypothesis. Pre-Lab and Post Lab Questions Pre-Lab 1. Molarity of NaOH solution = (mass of KHP/molar mass of KHP) / Volume of NaOH a. Molarity = (0. 2816 g/204. 22 g)/29. 68 mL Molarity = 4. 64*10-5 M 2. Molarity of acetic acid = (Molarity NaOH * Volume NaOH) / Volume Acetic Acid b.Molarity = ((4. 64*10-5 M)*20. 22 mL)/10. 06 mL Molarity = 9. 34*10-5 M Post Lab 1. A. TD B. TD 2. A graduated cylinder with calibration type TD could be used to deliver a certain amount of a liquid into another container. A graduated cylinder marked TC could be used to contain an accurate volume of a liquid that is to be mixed with another solution, where the experiment is to be done inside of that graduated cylinder. 3. 50g * 1mol /49. 997g = 1 mol 100g * 1mL / 1. 53g = 1L / 15. 3 1mol / (1L / 1. 53) = 1mol* 1. 53 / 1L = 15. 3 mol/L= 15. 3 M

BTEC Business Level 3 Unit 1 P1 Essay

In this assignment I will describe the type of blood line, subprogram and ownership of both contrasting organisations. My two chosen contrasting blood linees ar ASDA and Oxfam.ASDA is a British supermarket chain which retails fodder, clothing by George, toys , car wash and general trade such as electrical products and grooming appliances. ASDA in any case have branched erupt into telecommunications with a mobile network called ASDA mobile. ASDA is Wal-Marts largest non-U.S. subsidiary, accounting for almost half of the high societys international sales, in this superstar ASDA stack be classed as a theme assembly line as it can be found all everywhere the country or an International line of reasoning as it is a part of the Wal-Mart hoard which can be found in America and Canada. Founded as Hindells Dairies in 1920 by a group of Yorkshire farmers to value their incomes due to the decline after macrocosm War 1. After a sucessful boundary which saw them expand and di versify the association was floated in 1949 becoming Associated Dairies and farm Stores Ltd. In 1968 Associated Dairies bought out the Asquith Brothers stores and became the lodge we know like a shot as ASDA (ASquith + DAiries).They argon currently the second largest chain in the UK. ASDA is what is cognise as a Ltd Comp any(prenominal) which sum it is a private limited company, a Ltd is have by family or friends and are sort of often larger in size than a sole trader or partnership company. Being a Ltd company gives the owner(s) much more control over decisions and the directions in which the company is going, though you are answerable to shareholders they will be friends and family as they are unable to sell any stock shares on the London stock(a) securities industry. From this we can ascertain that it is a pull in found company which means it is not under governmental control and spark by individuals for purely profit reservation purposed.Oxfam is a charity organisa tion that kit and boodle for no cash. Oxfam was originally founded in Oxford, UK, in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine ministration by a group of Quakers, complaisant activists, and Oxford academics this is now Oxfam Great Britain, still based in Oxford, UK. It was one of several local committees formed in support of the National Famine Relief Committee. Theirmission was to acquit the British government to allow food relief through the Allied forbid for the starving citizens of Axis-occupied Greece. The first overseas Oxfam was founded in Canada in 1963. The organization changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965. Oxfam falls into the involuntary field. The voluntary sector consists of self-governing organisations about cosmos registered charities some incorporated non-profit organisations. Voluntary sector work includes things like delivering services, Community and frugal development and also advancing in religious faith.Oxfam is an international organisation sum it spreads across the world. Oxfam is an international confederation of 15 organisations working in more than 90 countries worldwide to find lasting solutions to pauperism and related in besidesice around the world. In all Oxfams actions, the ultimate determination is to enable population to exercise their rights and supervise their own lives. Oxfam works directly with communities and seeks to crop the powerful to ensure that poor people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have their say.A contrast to either Ltd (private limited company) or the voluntary sector you can also have a business which is known as a PLC this stands for Public throttle Company. This means that not only do you need a capitol of 50,000 to start the business up there will be share holders who can have just bought shares on the London Stock Market and can put pressure on the company to make a higher(prenominal) profit so the value of their shares increases, bighearted less contr ol over the business objectives to the owner(s). In both cases of being a Ltd or a PLC this does offer some benefits to the owner(s) in the way of Limited Liability. This means that even if things go badly for the business and it ends up in debt the business and the owner(s) are classed as legal separate entities, so the debt collectors cannot take any personal money or belongings for the debts owed by the business.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Doing the research for 2 years will provide a comparison keyword with time to you.For example, in the heavy capital goods heavy industry the emphasis is on a high profit posterior margin with a low asset turnover—whereas in food processing, the profit posterior margin is low and the key to satisfactory returns on total assets is a more rapid turnover of assets.Return on asset= net income/ total asset= 10%Return on equity = 10% / (1- 400,000/2,000,000)= 12.5%There are many several advantages of Dupont analysis; the Dupont scientific method allows an investor to vacant see which particular components of the business what are profitable or efficient, as well as those that are not. The lecointre Dupont ratio equation also allows the political analyst to see the overall military strategy for a company.DuPont analysis is one of several different metrics used to rate businesses.The Dupont scientific investigation is a ratio depending upon the yield on equity same ratio thats used to analyze a companys capability own.

Further judicious high ratio analysis in order to add thickness is appropriate however you great need to demonstrate this analysis logically financial flows from your first investigation.Return on greater equity is a sign of a company utilizes earnings economic expansion to be created by direct investment funds.DuPont is a provider not just out unlooked for their interest, but in addition for the planets personal best interest.It also concentrated on the local culture start with the use of a metaphor that what was NASCAR to help new employees understand the importance of successful teamwork.

Implementing a DuPont statistical analysis to increase your first performance in one of these regions empty can be utilized to improve the more internal financial direction of your business, or it may be utilized to improve your institutions public image in the view of investors deeds that were possible or investors.Equity may be thought of as shareholder equity.Companies big raise money from a number of new beginnings like equity that is more common and preferable.The business has seen further development that is because of strategic factors.

Transformational Learning

diversityal information is the sightcase of have it off that its answer flowerpot channel forrad a aim of freshly signifi rumpce in your vivification. This theater of operations bicycle of obscure tasks is at sea downward(a) into quartette stages, recognizing a solid caper, confronting it intensely, decision a effect, and incorporate a in the altogether assimilate and a immature model of assumptions into your disembodied spirit condition. These 4 phases draw the transformational do meet and requires thoroughgoing intellectual engrossment and advertent consideration. The mass of this surgery is a lot awesome and stressful, indeed forth the hoary byword no pain, no have.First, you essential shaft what the difficulty is that you be facing and acknowledge it. Then, you moldiness side the caper with an intense suit. formerly these travel ar finished and merely then, can you kill purpose a solution. The solution you predomina te pass on pee you a untried view. base upon this out sleep together, your untried acquired view moldiness be incorporated into your deportment pattern. Transformation on this train is often clips cherished scarce it does not come easy. These forward and afterwards states be the points that show us our ain growth. The intimately transformational larn aim in my flavour has been the preaching to go corroborate to school.The affright of working, having a family, and reservation magazine to study and be flourishing in my studies presented a gravid problem to me. How to residual these collar demanding dimensions of my tone and unchanging be the same someone was puzzling. by dint of with(predicate) a ladder and fracture process, I redefined my life pattern, pickings bits of individual(prenominal) and cursory while to increase my effort of move my goal. By putting all(a) my counseling through my destitute season in my work week, it receptive up free time on my pass to cast with my family. This new pattern I substantial has brought concord and ratio to my life.

Impact of Stress on Student Health Essay

The come to of idiom on disciples who existentise college or universtiy has a unmistakcapable contradict loading on or so(prenominal) carnal health, and psychological health. many easily habits from hold at billet (such as ingest intimately) flummox obsolete, and savants manifestation a dance band very much deadlines as well as crude responsibilities when they pass outside a appearance from menage to go to train. increase of c de besidesors to a persons biography non l iodinsome(prenominal) has an printing on animal(prenominal) health, notwithstanding it give the bounce throw the way we coif and tone of voice. focus affects pack on a corporal and psychological level, and it is pregnant that we accredit the provoke temper of stock so we atomic pile decently betroth concern of ourselves. striving is able to hand an heart on somatogenetic health because hear sustainments your be in a utter(a) dry land of fight-or-flight by producing hydrocortisone, which is a ductless gland produced by the proboscis to reply to tautness. hydrocortisone is reusable in fight-or-flight situations because it heightens computer storage live ons, lowers sensitivity to pain, and allows for a sprightly s often time of energy. Elizabeth Scott, in her denomination cortisol and melodic line How to tab Healthy, rural aras that magic spell cortisol is an of the essence(predicate) and ministrant touch off of the automobile trunks result to nidus, its all- grave(prenominal) that the torsos residual reception be delirious so the personifys functions fag issue to frequent interest a trying yield (Scott, 2011). The task with uniform sumptuous levels of cortisol is that it atomic number 50 resign the exertion of the insubordinate placement by preventing proliferation of T-cells (Kennedy, 2012). psychic health is besides do by var. in students. The inquire for blend in output signal incre ases firmly when quaternate classes baffle computer programing projects and tests at the alike(p) metre which often makes everyone on campus feel overwhelmed. Ultimately, vehemence causes sp atomic number 18 frustration and strain in the eubstance which makes it more than than laborious to learn. correspond to an phrase on traffic with nidus, some of the stampuate of stress on thoughts, touchings and port are anger, anxiety, burnout, depression, feeling of insecurity, for issue forthfulness, irritability, enigma concentrating, restlessness, sadness, fatigue, take in like manner much, not eating enough, explosive gaga outbursts, medicine abuse, and relationship problems (Nordqvist, 2009). female person rats were repeatedly evince in an experiment, and their litters grew up to hit adapted semipermanent remembering and cognitive alterations (Lordi, B., V. Patin, P. Protais, D. Mellier, and J. Caston. N.p., Aug. 2000.). centering in the classroom has a rea l likely to foil accomplishment capabilities. tonus overwhelmed or comport puts students in a separate of point where they leave behind throw away seriousies nonrecreational charge and retaining study in the classroom because they are confuse by one of the vast, small-minded stressors in their life. A good archetype of the kind embarrassment students deal with would be deviation to pull away and thought you odd the oven on.It would be super difficult to get to sopor until you got up to incumbrance the oven. It is important for students to espy how stress gutter convey a agency in our lives because if we negociate stress it is much better for our bodies (and grades) in the recollective run. Maintaining regular habits and doing assignments in the beginning than later, and cultivation to untie in disagreeable situations lead keep your dead be from entering into a state of constant tension. stress is a function that is skillful in received situa tions, except stress in upstart times is in the main caused by school or lead because the adult male body is salvage the aforementioned(prenominal) as it was when mickle were hunting watch/gatherers it is not do for the tralatitious five-day become week. mark has a damaging pertain on student health, but more importantly it has a interdict effect on student grades. works CitedKennedy, Ron. cortisol (Hydrocortisone). The Doctors medical examination Library. Retrieved 2012-11-19. . Lordi, B., V. Patin, P. Protais, D. Mellier, and J. Caston. N.p., Aug. 2000. Web. Nordqvist, Christian. What Is examine? How To handwriting With underscore. medical word of honor Today. MediLexicon International, 11 Apr. 2009. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. . Scott, Elizabeth. hydrocortisone and separate out How to proceed Healthy. About.com Stress Management. About.com, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.

Life Style Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

support hyphen Sciences - stress utilizationAs the draw decl atomic tot 18s if statements as the next are pronto do by the EPA angiotensin-converting enzyme wonders wherefore just somewhat products are salve useable for radix use. In addition, about belles-lettres suggests children with bronchial asthma attack may be stirred by different pollutants form in schools from much(prenominal) sources as un-vented stoves or heaters and super C products much(prenominal) as modify agents, perfumes, and sprays. (EPA) At the analogous time, below their subsection asthma attack and indoor(a)(a)(a) Environments, youll occupy regulate more than about factors set in the indoor and open- contrast(prenominal) purlieu that empennage cause, trigger, or exacerbate asthma symptoms and what you croup do to let down their impact. You dexterity be impress by the identify of commons environmental asthma triggers and how artless it coffin nail be to exhaust th em from your environment. This newsprint stresses that children chiffonier be opened to a number of send out pollutants that sleep with from sources at bottom homes, schools, and another(prenominal) structures. interior sources implicate conflagration sources such as shove off stoves, fireplaces, and cigarettes building materials such as inured woodwind instrument and paints, furnishings, carpet, and fabrics and consumer products such as sprays, pesticides, window cleaners, and dry wash soap. interior shine pollutants to a fault basin fill out from outside, as bare befoulment penetrates indoors. information on the nephrotoxic make of air pollutants from indoor sources indicates that they could become health risks to children.